- slug
- betel-leaf
- color
- Pale yellow to amber clear-mobile-liquid
- hazards
- ["potentially-carcinogenic-multi-toxicophore-safrole-estragole-methyleugenol","skin-sensitization-low","mucous-membrane-irritation-low","contra-oral-routes","class-distinct-manosroi-2005-no-chemopreventive-activity"]
- name_en
- Betel Leaf
- name_vn
- Tinh dầu lá trầu không
- chemotype
- eugenol-safrole
- cas_number
- 84775-93-9
- phototoxic
- false
- plant_part
- Leaves
- availability
- widely-available-Indian-South-Asian-Vietnamese-source
- data_quality
- complete
- entry_number
- 839
- plant_family
- Piperaceae
- cap_derivation
- ty_safrole_0_1pct_via_45_3pct_safrole_x_0_05pct_dermal_limit_primary_binding_multi_toxicophore
- latin_binomial
- Piper betle L.
- oxidation_risk
- moderate-high
- origin_countries
- India; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Indonesia; Vietnam
- cultural_heritage
- Indian-Bangladesh-Sri-Lankan-Indonesian-Vietnamese 5000+ years cultural-traditional PLANT-pharmacopoeia + Hùng-Kings-era Văn-Lang-Kingdom 3000 BCE Sự-tích-trầu-cau-legend Vietnamese cultural heritage + Indian-Ayurvedic + Indian-Yunani + Sri-Lankan-Siddha + Bengali-Kabiraj + Vietnamese-Đông Y traditional medicine + ritual betel-quid/paan/kwai cultural-mastication-tradition (IARC-1 carcinogen via combined areca-nut+slaked-lime+tobacco; PLANT-context different from aromatherapy-EO-context) + ceremonial wedding ritual cultural-betrothal-symbol
- drug_interactions
- ["class-extrapolated-eugenol-MAOI-SSRI-pethidine","class-extrapolated-eugenol-anticoagulant-warfarin-heparin-aspirin-clopidogrel-NSAIDs"]
- extraction_method
- Steam distillation
- shelf_life_months
- 15
- max_dilution_adult
- 0.1
- common_adulteration
- synthetic-safrole + cross-chemotype-Piper-betle (chavibetol-CT/chavicol-CT/isoeugenol-CT/eugenyl-acetate-CT mosaic) substitution + multi-genus-Piperaceae substitution; chemotaxonomic-authentication-marker rail safrole 6.5-45.3% + eugenol 20.5-33.2% combined + α-terpinyl-acetate 6.8-11.0% multi-phenylpropanoid signature; GC-MS MANDATORY
- contraindicated_all
- false
- chemotaxonomic_class
- methylenedioxy-phenylpropanoid-toxicophore + Piper-Piperaceae-aromatic-vine-leaf-class + multi-chemotype-eugenol-CT-commercial-primary
- contraindicated_oral
- true
- dominant_constituent
- Safrole
- max_dilution_elderly
- 0.1
- secondary_constituent
- Eugenol
- max_dilution_child_2_6
- 0.05
- max_dilution_sensitive
- 0.05
- freshness_visual_marker
- pale yellow to amber clear-mobile; darkens with oxidation + develops harsh-rancid-burnt-medicinal off-notes = quality-deterioration visual + olfactory marker; multi-phenylpropanoid slow-oxidation primary quality concern + α-pinene + β-myrcene + (+)-limonene monoterpene-class latent-autoxidation secondary concern
- max_dilution_child_6_12
- 0.08
- contraindicated_children
- false
- dominant_constituent_pct
- 45.3
- contraindicated_pregnancy
- false
- max_dilution_child_under2
- 0
- max_dilution_breastfeeding
- 0.08
- max_dilution_pregnancy_1st
- 0.05
- max_dilution_pregnancy_2nd
- 0.08
- max_dilution_pregnancy_3rd
- 0.08