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(-)-Carvone (60.9–71.6%) relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone, reducing cramps, bloating, and flatulence; carvone-class antispasmodic mechanism is a core property of the Mentha genus.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, p.823–824; B216 Chapter 14 — Carvone profile

Carvone and (+)-limonene interact with sensory receptor pathways to produce mild cooling and counter-irritant sensation; less potent than menthol-DOM peppermint but shares the same Mentha-genus class mechanism.

Ref: class-extrapolation from peppermint (Mentha piperita EO059); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13

(+)-Limonene and carvone induce hepatic glutathione S-transferase and exhibit in-vitro cytotoxicity against KB and P388 cancer cell lines; findings are preclinical only.

Ref: Lam & Zheng 1991; Manosroi et al 2005; Zu et al 2010

(-)-Carvone as a cyclic monoterpene ketone disrupts microbial cell membrane integrity; broad-spectrum activity inferred from Lamiaceae carvone-dominant oil class; no spearmint-specific MIC data in available citations.

Ref: class-extrapolation from caraway (Carum carvi, carvone-DOM peer); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13

Inhalation of carvone and (+)-limonene vapours activates olfactory-limbic pathways supporting alertness and mood elevation; established traditional use within the Mentha-class aromatic herb framework.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13; class-extrapolation from Mentha piperita EO059

Carvone-dominant Mentha oils are traditionally employed via inhalation and topical abdominal massage to reduce nausea and support gastric motility, overlapping with the antispasmodic action on enteric smooth muscle.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, p.823–824; traditional aromatherapy use