[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. Essential Oil Safety, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014. Geranium oil pp. 280–283; Citronellol p. 175; Geraniol p. 199; Linalool p. 241
[GC/MS Egypt primary] Mass Spectral Fragmentation of P. graveolens Egypt. Semantic Scholar / LAPSE-2020.0279-1v1. Citronellol 27.67%, cis-Menthone 10.23%, linalool 10.05%, eudesmol 9.40%, geraniol formate 6.87%, rose oxide 5.77%
[GC/MS Egypt COA] Shay & Company GC/MS COA Lot 12943 Egyptian Geranium — citronellol 32.10%, geraniol 19.70%, linalool 9.90%, citronellyl formate
[GC/MS Egypt COA 2] Plant Therapy COA G30101 Egyptian — citronellol 29.1%, geraniol 15.7%, citronellyl formate 6.8%
[GC/MS Egypt COA 3] Plant Therapy Organic Egyptian GI0101 — citronellol 32.7%, geraniol 13.9%, citronellyl formate 7.3%, isomenthone 5.2%
[GC/MS comparison] Natural Ingredient Data Sheet Geranium Egypt: citronellol 32.10%, geraniol 19.70%, linalool 9.90%
[Chemotype comparison] Current Science (currentsci.com/article-detail/44) — Chinese vs Egyptian GC/MS comparison table
[Egypt regional study] Academia.edu 36840728; jbarbiomed.com/127 — Effect of 5 planting locations Egypt on PGEO; El-Qantara highest yield 38.37 l/feddan
[Rose oxide authentication] ACG Publications (acgpubs.org) — "Comparison of Current Chemical and Stereochemical..." geranium oil origins; rose oxide stereoisomers as origin markers
[Clinical PMS RCT] PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (2018) — Geranium aromatherapy massage PMS (n=120); 2% sweet almond; P<0.001 — HIGHEST-EVIDENCE clinical study
[Clinical anxiety RCT] PMC10818376 (2023) — GEO inhalation LSS patients; p<0.001 pain/anxiety/stress
[Clinical labour RCT] PMC4484988 (2015) — Geranium EO first-stage labour anxiety; P=0.001
[Clinical fatigue] PMC10281030 (2023) — P. graveolens aromatherapy fatigue + sleep quality
[Anxiolytic preclinical] PMID 29468757 (2018) — P. roseum serotonergic anxiolytic + antidepressant
[Antidepressant preclinical] PMID 26454213 (2015) — Geraniol antidepressant CUMS; NF-κB + NLRP3
[Anti-nociceptive] Nature Sci Rep 2025 DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-00722-y — PGEO-NE
[Antimicrobial] PMC10489623 (2023); PMC3539951 (2012)
[Review pharmacology] PMC7122831 (2019) — Phytochemical composition + biological effects PGEO comprehensive review
[Production/supply] Ultra International B.V. — Geranium Oil Egypt: 40 MT/year; Beni-Suef primary; France/USA largest importers
[Perfumery repositioning] BMV Fragrances (bmvfragrances.com) — "Why modern noses prioritize Egyptian geranium's citrus-sharpness" Feb 2026
[Hormone balancing] livelyliving.com.au (2025) — Geranium oil phytoestrogen/salivary estrogen evidence review
[Dermal limits] craft360.com.au — Essential oil safety and dermal limits; geranium ~2% leave-on
[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS chemistry HIGH (5 Egyptian COA/GC/MS sources + peer-reviewed comparative); safety HIGH (Tisserand + IFRA + EU regulations); clinical HIGH (PMS Grade A RCT + multiple further RCTs); VN context MODERATE (market data 2025–2026; no traditional VN YHCT)