Tinh dầu đinh hương

Chemistry insight:

• Eugenol range 76.4–84.8% = narrowest của 3 clove plant-part (bud 73.5–96.9%, leaf 77–88%). Upper ceiling ~85% → cùng 0.6% dermal cap như clove leaf.
• β-Caryophyllene 3.5–12.4% = highest của 3 plant-part (stem có nhiều woody sesquiterpene fraction).
• Eugenyl acetate 0.4–8.0% = intermediate.
• Isoeugenol 0.1–0.4% = highest của 3 (leaf trace, bud 0.1–0.2%) — IFRA isoeugenol cap 0.02% nhưng eugenol cap 0.6% binds first.

• Industrial eugenol isolation alongside clove leaf (tùy feedstock economics).
• Aromatherapy: Hiếm standalone — bud preferred cho odor. Shared safety + dermal cap 0.6%.
• Perfumery: Cleaning/soap eugenol-profile fragrance; hiếm fine perfumery.
• Food flavor: Hiếm preferred (bud dominate) nhưng đôi khi blended với clove bud cho volume.

• Five-element: Hỏa + Thổ (shared với bud + leaf). Stem = slightly grounded by woody β-caryophyllene — Mộc undertone.

• Tisserand & Young (2014) Essential Oil Safety 2nd ed — Ch.13 p.542–543 (Clove stem)
• Lawrence (1993) p.36, (1995g) p.178, p.198 — volatile profile [via B216]
• Opdyke (1975) p.765–767 — skin tests + phototoxicity + LD₅₀ [via B216]
• Rasheed et al. (1984); Janssens et al. (1990) — eugenol platelet inhibition [via B216]
• Domaracky et al. (2007); Amini et al. (2003) — pregnancy toxicity [via B216]
• Lane et al. (1991); Hartnoll et al. (1993); Janes et al. (2005); Kirsch et al. (1990) — clove acute poisonings [via B216]
• Ishidate et al. (1984); Deans et al. (1993, 1995); Recsan et al. (1997); Abdel-Wahhab & Aly (2005) — carcinogenicity + antioxidant [via B216]
• Tao et al. (2005) — eugenol MAO-A inhibition [via B216]
• IFRA (2009) — eugenol 0.5% + isoeugenol 0.02% leave-on [via B216]