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Dementholized commercial oil:

Natural (non-dementholized) oil — historical:

Chemistry insight:

• Menthofuran signature (0.4–0.6%) là cornmint fingerprint — far below peppermint's tr–9.4%. GC-MS detection của menthofuran-low content trong suspected peppermint oil → adulteration với cornmint indicated.
• Pulegone 0.4–1.3% LOWER than peppermint 0.3–4.7% (ISO non-US ceiling 3.0%) — cornmint's hepatotoxicity driver profile mild hơn peppermint.
• Dementholization removes ~50% natural menthol. Residual menthol 28.8–34.7% overlap với peppermint US ISO (36–46%) — hence GC-MS by menthol alone INSUFFICIENT để distinguish; menthofuran là discriminator.
• Oral LD50 rat 1.24 g/kg (Opdyke 1975) — LOWER than peppermint's 2.43–4.44 g/kg. Field duy nhất nơi cornmint safety khác peppermint meaningfully.
• Singhal 1997: cornmint NOT commercially adulterated (đôi khi adulterated AS peppermint, không reverse — flow là cornmint → peppermint).

• Menthol feedstock: Primary commercial use — natural menthol cho pharma (Tiger Balm, Vicks VapoRub, Fisherman's Friend, oral hygiene).
• Cooling balms / muscle rub: East Asian traditional — cornmint + camphor + menthol crystal compounding (Bạch Hổ / Tiger Balm ancestry).
• Digestive / carminative (oral): Commission E 3–6 drops cho gastric/bile complaints; indigestion; bloating. GERD caution; cholestasis CI.
• Nasal congestion (inhalation): Vietnamese "xông" steam inhalation truyền thống — cornmint thường substitute cho peppermint do availability/cost.
• Antipruritic: Topical menthol cooling.

• Five-element: Kim (Metal — phổi, cooling-dispersing) + Mộc (Wood — liver-qi dispersal, Heat clearance).
• TCM: 薄荷 "Bò hà" (Chinese mint) = mixed M. haplocalyx + M. arvensis var. — cornmint là CLOSEST với classical TCM "Bò hà" (M. × piperita peppermint là European introduction, không trong classical formula). Cools Heat; disperses Wind-Heat; clears Head + Throat. Classical pairing với chrysanthemum + kudzu cho Wind-Heat headache.
• Ayurveda: pacify Pitta + Kapha; aggravate Vata ở high dose.

• Tisserand & Young (2014) Essential Oil Safety 2nd ed — Ch.13 p.549–550
• Kubeczka (2002) — GC profile dementholized cornmint [via B216]
• Opdyke (1975) p.771–772 — 8%/25 volunteers non-irritating/non-sensitizing + oral LD50 rat 1.24 g/kg [via B216]
• Singhal et al. (1997) — cornmint NOT commercially adulterated [via B216]
• Blumenthal et al. (1998) — Commission E monograph [via B216]
• Inherited từ [[peppermint]]: Thomas (1962); Olowe & Ransome-Kuti (1980); Melis et al. (1989); Reynolds (1993); Trabace et al. (1994); Thorup et al. (1983a) [via B216]